In Situ Microcosms White Paper

Summary:

For more than 20 years, In Situ Microcosms (ISMs), have been used as an in‑well groundwater remediation tool that enables direct, side‑by‑side comparison of monitored natural attenuation (MNA), biostimulation, and bioaugmentation under actual aquifer conditions. ISMs integrate contaminant chemistry, geochemistry, and molecular microbiology to provide defensible, EPA‑relevant lines of evidence for remediation technology selection and performance optimization.